Cell and tissue culture container

ABSTRACT

The invention generally relates to containers for cell and tissue culturing with multiple compartments in fluid communication with each other to provide a common culture environment in each of the compartments while maintaining physical separation of cells and tissue therein. The invention further relates to culture containers providing a sterile culture environment with detachably coupleable lids and open access to each compartment within a container.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/558,080, filed Dec. 2, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to cell and tissue culture devices.

BACKGROUND

While certain tissues in the human body, such as skin, are capable of self-repair (e.g., wound healing), there are many tissues that are not. For example, articular cartilage has no innate ability to repair itself, rendering any damage thereto permanent. Articular cartilage lines opposing bone surfaces in diarthrodial joints and provides a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation. Accordingly, defects in articular cartilage tend to expand and worsen over time. Damage to the articular cartilage in joints such as the knee can lead to debilitating pain.

Typical treatment choices, depending on lesion and symptom severity, are rest and other conservative treatments, minor arthroscopic surgery to clean up and smooth the surface of the damaged cartilage area, and other surgical procedures such as microfracture, drilling, and abrasion. All of these may provide symptomatic relief, but the benefit is usually only temporary, especially if the person's pre-injury activity level is maintained. For example, severe and chronic forms of knee joint cartilage damage can lead to greater deterioration of the joint cartilage and may eventually lead to a total knee joint replacement. Approximately 200,000 total knee replacement operations are performed annually. The artificial joint generally lasts only 10 to 15 years and the operation is, therefore, typically not recommended for people under the age of fifty.

An alternative treatment is implantation of cultured neo-cartilage (i.e., immature hyaline cartilage) which can be grown in-vitro to a desired size and shape on a 3D scaffold from chondrocyte cells biopsied from the patient (autologous) or from another individual (heterologous). Examples of this process are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,949,252; 7,537,780; 7,468,192; 7,217,294; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/208,931. An exemplary method for 3D culture of neo-cartilage is shown in FIG. 8 and includes the steps of isolating chondrocyte cells from a biopsy, 2D growth of cells, seeding of a 3D scaffold, and two culturing steps. The first culturing step takes place under controlled pressure, oxygenation, and perfusion conditions to mimic the joint environment while the second culturing step is a 3D static culture.

Along with the neo-cartilage for implantation, multiple other surrogate tissues are simultaneously cultured in the same vessel in order to permit pre-implantation testing and verification procedures without damaging the neo-cartilage to be implanted.

Current culture containers include narrow opening flask-type containers with a sealing cap with a gas-permeable filter membrane but the 3D static culture procedure presents multiple challenges which are unmet by current culture containers. For example, the surrogates and the neo-cartilage to be implanted need to be cultured in the same conditions in a common fluid to enable validation through surrogate testing. However, in current containers, the surrogates and neo-cartilage can grow into one another as they mature and then require separation which can damage the cells and scaffolds. Another problem stems from the fact that the tissues must be submerged in fluid during the 3D static culture but the buoyancy of the cultures varies during tissue growth. The 3D static culture process takes 2 weeks and requires incubation throughout the process, taking up space in expensive incubators and limiting production efficiency and capacity using bulky flask-type containers. Additionally, the surrogates and the neo-cartilage to be implanted must be transferred from one container to another during the 2 week process and then must be removed from the container before final packaging for distribution and implantation. Manipulation of the neo-cartilage to be implanted and the surrogates through the narrow opening of the current culture containers is difficult and can cause damage to the cells. These challenges are not unique to 3D static culturing of neo-cartilage and apply to a variety of cell and tissue culturing procedures.

SUMMARY

The invention relates to containers for cell and tissue culturing with multiple compartments in fluid communication with each other to provide a common culture environment in each of the compartments while maintaining physical separation of cells and tissue therein. Culture containers of the invention can be used to simultaneously culture one or more surrogate tissues alongside and under the same conditions as a tissue to be implanted, thereby enabling destructive testing and verification procedures to be carried out without harming the tissue to be implanted. Each compartment may contain the same type of tissue or different tissue types in order to investigate interactions between different tissue types. In some instances multiple tissue types may be cultured in a single compartment. The containers of the present invention provide containers for culturing these tissues in a common environment and fluid while preventing the surrogate tissues and the tissue for implantation from adhering or growing onto the container or each other and potentially damaging the tissue for implantation. Containers of the invention may provide sealing lids with gas permeable membranes to allow for gas exchange between the interior and exterior environments of the container while maintaining a sterile internal environment. The culture containers and lids may be configured to minimize height while maintaining adequate interior volume and maximizing incubator efficiency and space. Containers of the invention may also provide multiple compartments in fluid communication yet capable of restricting movement of and various sizes of sometimes buoyant tissue cultures and other materials. Additionally, culture containers of the invention may provide a large opening with easy, lid-off access to each compartment and any tissue or other materials therein. The several features of the containers of invention provide a more efficient platform for culturing and verifying cells and tissues for implantation while minimizing the potential for damage to the implantable tissue.

Culture containers of the invention may comprise a bottom wall and at least one side wall coupled thereto. Side walls may form right angles with the bottom wall or may taper out to provide a large opening with easy access to the compartments therein. Culture containers can be a cylinder, a cuboid, a triangular prism, a pentagonal prism, an octagonal prism or a variety of other 3 dimensional shapes.

Containers of the invention may include one or more interior walls which can divide the interior volume of the container into two or more compartments. A container may have 11 or more compartments or as few as two. The compartments may be of the same size or a variety of sizes. In some instances a larger compartment may be configured to contain cultured tissue for implantation while several smaller compartments may be sized to contain surrogates for testing.

In certain aspects, the container may comprise multiple components such as a first unit comprising a bottom wall and at least one side wall and a second unit comprising one or more of the interior walls or partition so that the partition may be removed from the container providing a single compartment or inserted into the container to provide multiple compartments therein. In certain instances, a single first component comprising the one or more side walls and the bottom wall may be compatible with multiple different second components comprising interior walls in various configurations so that, by interchanging second components, the number of compartments may be varied.

In order to achieve fluid communication between the compartments of the container, the interior walls may have openings including pores, slits, or gaps between an interior wall and a side wall, the bottom wall, or the lid. The openings may be dimensioned so as to allow fluid to pass between the compartments of the container without allowing cells, tissues, or 3D scaffolds to pass therebetween. Screens or filters may be used to cover openings in order to help restrict passage of cells, tissues, or 3D scaffolds therethrough.

Devices of the invention may include a lid configured to detachably couple to the top edge of the one or more side walls in order to enclose the container. The lid can generally correspond in shape and size to the opening formed by the top edge of the one or more side walls. The lid may be configured to form an air or water-tight seal when detachably coupled to the container, may include a gasket to aid in sealing, and may be secured via complementary threads, interlocking tabs, or other means. Preferably, the lid and the container may be detachably coupled without the use of tools in order to promote sterility and relatively easily in order to avoid excessive motion of the contained fluid and disruption of the cultured materials.

The lid may comprise a vent and/or a gas permeable membrane of a size and shape configured to allow gas to pass into and out of a sealed container while restricting undesirable particles such as bacteria, endotoxins, and other contaminants. The lid may be configured so that, when detachably coupled to the container, the only avenue for gas exchange between the interior and exterior of the container is through the filter. A filter may also be located on a side wall of the container.

Containers of the invention may be sized so that containers may contain an adequate volume of fluid (e.g., 500 mL) while maintaining sufficient space between the fluid and the lid to avoid contact during movement of the container and so that multiple containers can fit on a standard incubator tray to maximize space efficiency during the incubation process.

The lid, the container, or components thereof may comprise a variety of materials including, for example, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), polycarbonatestyrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), acrylic, acrylic-polyvinyl chloride alloys, polypropylene copolymers, polysulfone, polymethylpentene, or cellulosic. The lid, the container, or components thereof may comprise a substantially transparent material to allow visual inspection of the container's contents from outside of the container. Containers and lids may be configured as single-use disposables or may be configured for repeated use and sterilization.

In some aspects, the interior surface of the bottom wall, the interior surface of the one or more side walls, and/or the surfaces of the one or more interior walls may be smooth; textured with ridges, valleys, pores, or dimples; and/or treated with an agent to deter adherence of cultured cells or tissues and/or the facilitate retrieval from the container by scooping under the cultured tissue with a retrieval tool.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a circular multi-compartment culture container of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a top view of an exemplary embodiment of a circular multi-compartment culture container of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a top view of an exemplary embodiment of a rectangular multi-compartment culture container of the invention.

FIG. 4 shows a close up view of a single compartment of an exemplary embodiment of a circular multi-compartment culture container.

FIG. 5A shows a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a lid for a circular culture container.

FIG. 5B shows a top view of an exemplary embodiment of a lid for a circular culture container.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show an exemplary embodiment of a two component multi-compartment circular culture container.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of interlocking tabs.

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary method for 3D culture of neo-cartilage for implantation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention relates to culture containers comprising multiple compartments configured to be in fluid communication with each other while maintaining physical separation of cell or tissues being cultured therein. Cells and tissues are cultured on 3D scaffolds to form tissues of a desired shape and size. If a tissue is being cultured for implantation, it is advantageous to simultaneously culture one or more surrogate tissues under the same conditions to enable destructive testing and verification procedures to be carried out without harming the tissue to be implanted. The containers of the present invention provide containers for culturing these tissues in a common environment and fluid while preventing the surrogate tissues and the tissue for implantation from adhering or growing onto the container or each other and potentially damaging the tissue for implantation. In various embodiments, each compartment in a container may contain the same type of tissue or different tissue types in order to investigate effects of different types of tissue on each other in a shared culture environment. In certain instances multiple tissue types may be cultured in a single compartment to investigate physical interactions between the tissues. Culture containers of the invention may be used to culture a variety of cells and tissues including chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, osteocytes, osteoblasts, synoviocytes, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), embryonic stem cells (ESC), lymphocytes, adipocytes, myofibroblasts, hepatocytes, islet cells, monocytes, endometrial regenerative cells, or cancer stem cells. Applications for these containers include the culturing of neo-cartilage from chondrocytes for repair of articular cartilage defects.

Culture containers of the invention may comprise a bottom wall and at least one side wall coupled thereto. Side walls can be coupled to the bottom wall so that the side wall's planar surface is substantially transverse to the planar surface of the bottom wall. The culture container may have any number of side walls including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 side walls. Side walls may be substantially straight or may be curved. The bottom wall may be a variety of shapes including, rectangular, circular, triangular, or pentagonal. The bottom wall shape should correspond to the number of side walls. For example, a container 101 with circular bottom wall 105 would comprise a single side wall 109, with a curved planar surface so that the bottom edge of the single side wall 109 forms a circle of substantially equal radius to that of the bottom wall 105 to which it is coupled as shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively, a container may have 4 straight side walls 109 coupled to a substantially rectangular bottom wall 105 as shown in FIG. 3. In embodiments having more than one side wall 109, the side walls may be coupled together at a vertical edge to form a corner as shown in FIG. 3.

Containers of the invention may include one or more interior walls which can divide the interior volume of the container into two or more compartments. Interior walls may be curved or straight and can be coupled to the bottom wall so that their planar surface is substantially transverse to the planar surface of the bottom wall. Interior walls can be coupled to the same planar surface of the bottom wall as the side walls. Interior walls may be coupled to one or more side walls and/or one or more other interior walls. A culture container may have any number of interior walls, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 interior walls and may comprise any number of compartments including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 compartments.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a circular, multi-compartment culture container 101 having a circular bottom wall 105 and a single, curved side wall 109. The container 101 has a single curved interior wall 107, coupled to the bottom wall 105 to define a cylindrical center compartment 103. The container 101 also has several straight interior walls 107 coupled to both the curved side wall 109 and the curved interior wall 107, forming spokes and defining 10 smaller radial compartments 103 for a total of 11 compartments 103.

FIG. 2 illustrates a birds-eye view of the circular, multi-compartment culture container 101 of FIG. 1, having 10 compartments 103 defined by a curved side wall 109, a curved interior wall 107 and 10 straight interior walls 107.

FIG. 3 shows a birds-eye view of an exemplary container 103 having a rectangular bottom wall and 4 side walls 109 defining 8 compartments including 1 larger compartment 103 and 7 smaller compartments.

The larger center compartment 103 of the containers 101 shown in FIGS. 1-3 may be sized to contain a larger piece of tissue for implantation while smaller surrogate tissues may be contained in the smaller surrounding compartments 103.

In certain aspects, the container may comprise multiple components such as a first unit comprising a bottom wall and at least one side wall and a second unit comprising one or more of the interior walls or partition so that the partition may be removed from the container providing a single compartment or inserted into the container to provide multiple compartments therein. One or more of the components may have slots or other physical mechanisms configured to accept a portion of the other component. FIGS. 6A and 6B depict an exemplary embodiment of a multi-component container. A first component 120 is shown in FIG. 6A comprising a single, curved side wall 109 coupled at its bottom edge to a circular bottom wall 105. FIG. 6B illustrates a second component 130 comprising a single, circular interior wall 107 and 10 straight interior walls 107 extending radially therefrom. The second component 130 is configured to be placed within the first component 120 in order to separate the interior volume of the first component into 10 compartments. The second component 130 may be dimensioned so that the radial edges of the straight side walls 107 form a tight fit with the inner planar surface of the curved side wall 109 when the two components are combined.

In certain instances, a single first component comprising the one or more side walls and the bottom wall may be compatible with multiple different second components comprising interior walls in various configurations so that, by interchanging second components, the number of compartments may be varied.

The first component may include a stop 125 as illustrated in FIG. 6A configured to prevent the bottom edge of the interior walls 107 from contacting the interior planar surface of the bottom wall 105.

In order to achieve fluid communication between the compartments of the container, the interior walls may have openings. In certain embodiments the openings may be dimensioned so as to allow fluid to pass between the compartments of the container without allowing cells, tissues, or 3D scaffolds to pass therebetween. In some aspects an interior wall may be perforated with one or more holes or pores. In such instances, each hole should have a diameter smaller than the largest dimension of the cell, tissue, or 3D scaffold being cultured within a compartment defined in part by that interior wall. For example, for 3D tissue culture scaffolds having a 4 mm diameter by 1.5 mm thickness, openings in the interior walls may have diameters less than 4 mm as the scaffolds should be unable to pass through an opening with a diameter less than 4 mm. In certain aspects, an interior wall may comprise a slit of a certain length and width. In such instances, one of the length or the width of the slit should be less than the smallest dimension of the cell, tissue, or 3D scaffold being cultured within a compartment defined in part by that interior wall. For example, using 3D tissue culture scaffolds having a 4 mm diameter by 1.5 mm thickness, the length or width of the slit may be any value so long as the other dimension is less than 1.5 mm.

Openings may be located at a variety of positions within an interior wall including near the center, top, or sides of an interior wall. Openings may be uniformly or differentially located on each interior wall. In certain instances, an opening in an interior wall may be located near the bottom wall of the container. Cell and tissue cultures may rest on the bottom wall of the container during the culturing process. Openings near the bottom wall can allow for the exchange, between compartments, of fluid, nutrients, growth factors, and other particles at the tissue level. Particles that may tend to settle to the bottom may be better exchanged through openings near the bottom wall, thus better replicating the culture environment across compartments.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a compartment 103 within a larger, cylindrical container such as the container 101 illustrated in FIG. 1. The compartment 103 in FIG. 4 is defined by a portion of a curved side wall 109, a portion of a curved interior wall 107, two straight interior walls 107, and a portion of a circular bottom wall 105. Each of the interior walls 107 has one or more openings 115 near the bottom wall enabling the passage of fluid between the compartment 103 and other, surrounding compartments (not shown). As noted above, the openings 115 may be dimensioned to allow fluid to pass through but to restrict the passage of the cultured cell or tissue within the compartment 103. In certain aspects, openings between compartments, in interior walls, may be covered by screens or filters configured to restrict inter-compartment passage of cells tissues or 3D scaffolds. In such instances the screen or filter may be of a biocompatible material and configured, by material, conformation, or surface treatment, to deter adherence of a cell or tissue thereto during the culturing process.

Interior walls and side walls may be substantially the same height relative to the bottom wall. In some aspects, the interior walls may have a height, relative to the bottom wall, that is less than the height of the side wall, relative to the bottom wall. In such instances, cell-culture medium or other fluid may be added to the container to a level, h, greater than the height of the interior walls but less than the height of the side walls so that the compartments are in fluid communication with each other. In certain aspects, one or more of the interior walls may be coupled to the side walls but not coupled to the bottom wall, leaving a gap between the bottom edge of the one or more interior walls and the planar surface of the bottom wall. This gap can be sized to allow fluid to pass between the compartments of the container without allowing cells, tissues, or 3D scaffolds to pass therebetween. In multi-component embodiments such as illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the stop 125 may be spaced from the bottom wall 125 so that, when the components are combined, a gap is left between the bottom edge of the one or more interior walls and the planar surface of the bottom wall. This gap can be sized to allow fluid to pass between the compartments of the container without allowing cells, tissues, or 3D scaffolds to pass therebetween. Fluid can be added to a level above or below the height of the interior walls. Fluid may be maintained at a level below the height of the interior walls in order to maintain separation of 3D scaffolds, cells, and tissues that may float to the surface of a fluid during culturing.

In certain embodiments, devices of the invention include a lid configured to detachably couple to the top edge of the one or more side walls in order to enclose the container. The lid can generally correspond in shape and size to the bottom wall. In embodiments where the one or more side walls taper in or out from the edges of the bottom wall, the lid may be smaller or larger than the bottom wall and can generally correspond to the shape and size formed by the top edge of the one or more side walls. The lid may be configured to form an air or water-tight seal when detachably coupled to the container. In certain aspects, a lid and a container may comprise complementary or interlocking threads so that the lid may be screwed down onto the upper edge of the at least one side wall. In some embodiments the lid or the upper edge of the at least one side wall may comprise a recess configured to accept a gasket wherein the gasket is compressed when the lid is detachably coupled to the container and may thereby form a seal. The gasket may be constructed from any suitable material including rubber, plastic, metal, nylon, neoprene, or cork. In certain aspects, a lid may detachably couple to a container through engagement of interlocking tabs on the lid and container. Interlocking tabs may include snap-fit style cantilever prong and recess type connections as well as screw-type interlocking tabs. FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary style of interlocking tab wherein the lid or the container may include a block 312 while the other includes a receptacle 310 configured to receive and lock in the block 312. The interlocking tabs illustrated in FIG. 7 may be engaged by pushing the lid onto the container and then twisting the lid relative to the container so that the block 312 is inserted down and then into the receptacle 310 as illustrated by the arrow in FIG. 7.

In certain aspects, the one or more side walls of a container may be coupled to the bottom wall of the container at substantially right angles and/or the container configured so that the opening at the top of the container has an area substantially equal to the area of the bottom wall. An opening may thusly be configured to provide unfettered access to each compartment within the container from directly above to facilitate manipulation of materials within each compartment without interference from a tapered or flask-like neck or opening.

In some aspects, a lid may comprise a vent and/or a gas permeable membrane of a size and shape configured to allow gas to pass into and out of a sealed container while restricting undesirable particles such as bacteria, endotoxins, and other contaminants. The lid may be configured so that, when detachably coupled to the container, the only avenue for gas exchange between the interior and exterior of the container is through the filter. The filter may have a variety of reference pore sizes including 0.2 to 3 gm such as 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 gm. The filter may be of a variety of different materials such as cellulose, nylon, polytetrafluorethylene, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS silicone), or glass fiber. Commercially available filter materials include, for example, ePTFE membrane from W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., 555 Paper Mill Road, Newark, Del. 19711. A filter may also be located on a side wall of the container.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show an exemplary embodiment of a lid 201 according to the invention. The lid 201 is substantially circular and configured to detachably couple to a substantially cylindrical container such as the container 101 shown in FIG. 1, 2, or 6A. The lid shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B comprises a circular filter 203 placed in the center of the lid. A lid filter may be part of a vent mechanism which includes a cap covering the filter material so that gas is vented through the side of the vent and the filter material is protected from fluid splashing. The lid shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B also comprises a downward facing lip with threads 205 on the interior surface thereof configured to interact with complementary threads on an exterior surface of a curved side wall of a container to provide a sealed compression through a screw-type mechanism. FIG. 5B shows a gasket 207, held in a recess of the lid and configured to be compressed against the upper edge of a curved side wall of a container. In certain aspects, the top of the lid and/or the bottom of the container may be configured with interlocking tabs and/or spacers to allow for controlled stacking of containers wherein the top container is spaced above the bottom container so that a filter on the bottom container's lid is still exposed to the exterior atmosphere.

In certain embodiments, a container of the invention may be sized so that multiple containers may fit on a 7 inch by 14 inch incubator tray. A container may be sized to contain a certain volume of fluid including at least 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 mL. In an exemplary embodiment, a container 101 of the type illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 may have an outer diameter of 6 inches while the curved side wall 109 has a height of 2 inches and the interior walls 107 have a height of 1.5 inches and the single, curved interior wall forms a compartment 103 with an inside diameter of 3.5 inches. In an exemplary embodiment of a container of the type illustrated in FIG. 3, the container 101 has outside dimensions of 5 inches by 5 inches and the 4 side walls 109 have a height of 2 inches while the interior walls have a height of 1.5 inches. The interior walls 107 form one 3.75 inch by 3.75 inch compartment 103 and 7 1.25 inch by 1.25 inch compartments. In both of the above embodiments, two of the specified containers may fit on a single 7 inch by 14 inch incubator tray.

In certain embodiments, the lid, the container, or components thereof may comprise a variety of materials. Materials may be biocompatible, endotoxin-free, and/or configured to be sterilized to a variety of Sterility Assurance Levels (SAL) including 10⁻¹, 10⁻², 10⁻³, 10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁵, or 10⁻⁶, for example. In some embodiments, the lid, container, and/or components thereof may comprise a USP Class N, V, or VI material, including, for example, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), polycarbonatestyrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), acrylic, acrylic-polyvinyl chloride alloys, polypropylene copolymers, polysulfone, polymethylpentene, or cellulosic. The lid, the container, or components thereof may comprise a substantially transparent material to allow visual inspection of the container's contents from outside of the container. Containers and lids may be configured as single-use disposables or may be configured for repeated use and sterilization. Containers and lids can comprise materials which are nonreactive to standard cell culture media such as EMEM or DMEM.

In some aspects, the interior surface of the bottom wall, the interior surface of the one or more side walls, and/or the surfaces of the one or more interior walls may be smooth; textured with ridges, valleys, pores, or dimples; and/or treated with an agent to deter adherence of cultured cells or tissues and/or the facilitate retrieval from the container by scooping under the cultured tissue with a retrieval tool. In certain aspects, the interior surface of the side walls, interior walls, and/or bottom wall, may be treated with an anti-microbial agent or other instrument to prevent microbial growth and/or contamination.

The lid, the container, or components thereof may be produced by a variety of known means including extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, or rotational molding. The container may be formed from a single piece of material or from multiple pieces which are subsequently coupled together. The lid may be similarly formed. Where constructed from multiple pieces, the pieces maybe joined a variety of known techniques including welding, or bonding using a bonding agent such as a biocompatible adhesive.

In a preferred embodiment, the lid, container, or components thereof are made using thermoforming. In thermoforming, a sheet of material, such as polystyrene is heated until pliable and then formed to a desired shape using a mold. Vacuum pressure may be used to conform the material to the mold. The material may then be cooled to regain rigidity, and then removed from the mold. The resulting product may then be trimmed or otherwise finished to remove excess material or rough edges.

In some aspects, the lid, container, or portions thereof may be formed using injection molding. In injection molding, a mold block with a hollow cavity in shape of the desired product is coupled to a reservoir that can inject molten plastic resin is made. The mold is made in two halves such that a completed part can be removed from one of the halves without any portion being impeded by portions of the mold cavity. The mold is placed in a processing machine capable of clamping the two halves of the mold together. Molten plastic resin is injected into the cavity at high pressure in order to facilitate rapidly filling thin or distant volumes of the mold.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patent applications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, web contents, have been made throughout this disclosure. All such documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

EQUIVALENTS

Various modifications of the invention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the full contents of this document, including references to the scientific and patent literature cited herein. The subject matter herein contains important information, exemplification and guidance that can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and equivalents thereof. 

1. A method for culturing a tissue comprising: providing a container comprising a bottom wall coupled to a bottom edge of at least one side wall, and an at least one interior wall coupled to the at least one side wall to define at least a first compartment and a second compartment within the container, wherein the at least one interior wall comprises a bottom edge that does not contact the bottom wall, leaving a gap between the bottom wall and the at least one interior wall, wherein the gap allows fluid to pass between the first and second compartments without allowing cells, tissues, or 3D scaffolds to pass therebetween; providing a lid comprising a gas-permeable membrane, wherein the lid is configured to be detachably coupled to a top edge of the at least one side wall; introducing a first living cell of a first cell type to the first compartment and a second living cell of a second cell type to the second compartment in the presence of a cell culture medium; exposing the container to conditions promoting cell growth to produce a first tissue from the first living cell and a second tissue from the second living cell.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cell type or the second cell type is a chondrocyte, mesenchymal stem cell, fibroblast, osteocyte, osteoblast, synoviocyte, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), embryonic stem cell (ESC), lymphocyte, adipocyte, myofibroblast, hepatocyte, islet cell, monocyte, endometrial regenerative cell, or cancer stem cell.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first cell type is a chondrocyte.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first tissue is neo-cartilage.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the second cell type is a chondrocyte.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second cell type is neo-cartilage.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first living cell or the second living cell is present on the bottom wall of the container.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the exposing step comprises adding a fluid to a level below the height of the at least one interior wall.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising seeding a 3D scaffold with the first living cell and introducing the 3D scaffold seeded with the first living cell into the first compartment.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising preparing the first tissue for implantation into a human body.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing testing on the second tissue to verify viability of the first tissue.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the lid or the container comprises polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), polycarbonatestyrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), acrylic, acrylic-polyvinyl chloride alloys, polypropylene copolymers, polysulfone, polymethylpentene, or cellulosic.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the container comprises a circular bottom wall, a circular lid, and a single, curved sidewall coupled thereto to form a substantially cylindrical shape.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the container comprises at least 3 compartments.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one side wall has a first height relative to the bottom wall that is substantially equal to a second height of the at least one interior wall relative to the bottom wall.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas-permeable membrane comprises a 0.2 micron filter.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the container is configured to hold at least 500 mL of fluid. 